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INDIAN ACALYPHA
(Acalypha indica L.) ++
(Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) +
By
RETTODWIKART THENU
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INDIAN
ACALYPHA
(Acalypha
indica L.) ++
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
It
is a weed that is very commonly found growing wild on the roadside, grass
field, and mountain slopes. Usually like a rocky growing place. One-season
herbs, upright, 30-50 cm high, branching with coarse elongated lines, smooth
hair. Single leaf, long stem, scattered location. Leaflets are ovoid-shaped to
lanceolate, thin, pointed edges and base, serrated edges, 2.5-8 cm long,
1.5-3.5 cm wide green. Compound flowers, androgynous, come out of the armpits
of leaves, small in a series of grains. The fruit is square, round, black. Long
round seeds, brown. The roots are deep, dirty white. This plant root is very
preferred by cats or dogs that are consumed by chewing (Dalimartha, 2000).
Herbs,
annuals, erect, hairy. Stems 30-50 cm high, branching with rough longitudinal
lines. Grow on the roadside, grass field, mountain slope. The location of the
leaves is elliptical round to the lanceolate, the tip and base of the leaf is
pointy, jagged edges, 2.5–8 cm long and 1.5–3.5 cm wide. Flower unisexual and
monoecious, out of the armpit leaves; the flowers are small in a series of
panicles. Small fruit. The roots of this plant are very preferred by dogs and
cats (Badrunasar, A and Santoso, H. B. 2016).
Chronic
plant theme with a height reaching 80 cm, hairy stems, usually not branching.
Single leaf blade, alternating position, 2-6 cm long petiole, ovate leaf shape
to rhombus, smooth jagged edges, top surface has no hair or if hair is found
only on the mother's leaf bone, leaf size measures 1-7 x 1- 5 cm. Inflorescence
in the form of compound flowers, mother flower stalks grow from the armpit
leaves, in one mother flower stems there are 6-9 flower heads, 1-2 male flowers
at the top, 5-7 female flowers at the bottom. Male flowers: arranged in a
single grain, small white flower adornments, green protective leaves with
smooth jagged edges. Female flowers: arranged in a single grain, green leafy
leaves such as bowls, toothed leaf edges, hairless or if hair is spread out,
leaf widths are 3-4 mm wide, 7-10 mm long. Small capsule-shaped fruit,
consisting of 3 ovarian chambers, 2-2.5 mm in diameter, each fruit contains 3
seeds, grayish brown. Flowering throughout the year, many grow in the lowlands,
roadside or rice fields ((National Agency for Drug and Food Control RI, 2010)).
Simplisia:
Rhombus-shaped
leaf strands, blunt base, tapered edges, jagged edges, pinnate leaf
reinforcement, 3-4 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, brownish green, long leaf stalks, long
leaf stems, dark green to grayish color. Smell weak, tasteless.
Medicinal
Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
whole flowering plant.
Flower
and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like, has 3
to 7 female flowers below, which consist only of a 3-carpeled ovary with 3
styles. The male flowers are above these with 4 sepals and 8 stamens. On the
tips of the young flower shoots are T-shaped, hairy structures approximately 2
mm wide with 2 side openings. The fruit is a 3-chambered capsule with 3
gray-brown seeds of approximately 1 mm diameter.
Leaves,
Stem and Root: Indian nettle is an annual,
upright, nettle-like diclinous, monoecious herb, which grows up to 60 cm high.
The leaves are alternate, long-petiolate, round to rhomboid, 2 to 6 cm long,
1.5 to 5 cm wide narrowing to the petiole. They are matte above, glossy beneath
with strongly protruding ribs, dentate at the front and smooth toward the base.
The margin, petiole and ribs are weakly pubescent with 2 awl-like stipules. The
stem is usually unbranched and pubescent. The main root is unbranched with thin
secondary roots (Gruenwald, J et al.,
2000).
SPECIES/FAMILY
Acalypha indica L.
Acalyphae
Indicae Folium is a leaf of Acalypha indica L., a member of the Euphorbiaceae
tribe.
SYNONYMS
A. spicata L.,
A. ciliata L., A. canescana L., A. australis L., A.canescens
Wall.
A.
bailloniana Mull. Arg., A. chinensis Benth., A.
cupamenii Dragend., A. decidua Forssk., A. fimbriata Baill., A.
somalensis Pax, A. somalium Mull. Arg., Cupamenis indica (L.)
Raf., Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Mull.Arg) Kuntze, R. Deciduus (Forssk.)
Kuntze, R. indicus (L.) Kuntze (Badrunasar, A and
Santoso, H. B. 2016).
OTHER COMMON NAMES
Indonesia:
rumput kokosongan.
Indian
acalypha, three-seeded mercury (Inggris) tie
xian (China); anting-anting, kucing-kucingan, lelatang, rumput lislis,
kucing galak, tjeka mas (Malaysia); bugos, maraotong, tapta-pingar (Philipina);
tamyae tuaphuu, tamyae maeo, haan maeo (Thailand); tai tuw ng aas n,
tai tuw owj ng xanh (Vietnam). (Prosea, 1999 [12(2): 34–35])
ORIGIN
This
plant is found in Indonesia, India, Indochina and Ethiopia (National Agency for
Drug and Food Control RI, 2010).
Indian
nettle is the whole fresh plant of Acalypha indica collected during the
flowering season and dried (Gruenwald, J et al., 2000).
USE PART
The
medicinal part of the plant is the whole flowering plant (Gruenwald, J et al.,
2000).
Whole
plants; fresh or dried use (Badrunasar, A and Santoso, H. B. 2016).
CONSTITUENTS
Cyanogenic
glycosides; Akalapin
(0.3%, 3-cyanopiridon derivative); Tannins-Tri-o-methyl elagic acid; Essential
oil; Flavonoids: Krisin and galangin, mauritianin, clitorin, nicotiflorin and
biorobin (National Agency for Drug and Food Control RI, 2010).
Leaves,
stems and roots contain saponins and tannin. The stem also contains flavonoids
and the leaves contain essential oils (Dalimartha, 2000).
ACTIVITIES
Analgesic (f; MPI; WO2);
Antibacterial (1; PH2; WOI); Carminative (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; CRC);
Diuretic (f; WOI); Emetic (f; CRC; PH2); Expectorant (f; CRC; MPI; PH2);
Hemostat (1; PH2); Hypnotic (f; MPI); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (1; CRC; WOI);
Parasiticide (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; CRC; DEP; PH2).
TRADITIONAL
USE
BENEFITS / USES / HOW TO PROCESS (Kurdi, A. 2010)
Amoeba's dysentery: Dried
plants (whole stems) about 30-60 grams boiled, boiled water taken 2 times and
repeated for 5-10 days.
Dermatitis, Eczema, Ulceration:
Fresh herbs boiled, boiled water for washing sick skin.
Coughing, nosebleeds and bloody
stools: Dried plants 30-60 grams, boiled and drunk after cold.
Remedy for cats: The roots are
usually instinctively used by cats.
Bleeding, Burns: Fresh herbs
plus enough sugar, crushed and then stick to the place that hurts.
Basiler's Dysentery: Dried
plants 30-60 grams, plus 30 grams of portulaka, 30 grams of sugar, boiled and
drunk after cold.
Diarrhea,
vomiting of blood: Dry plants 30-60 grams, boiled and taken after a cold.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTIONS
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic
glycosides: acalyphin
(0.3%, 3-cyanopyridone derivative)
Tannins: including
tri-O-methyl ellagic acid
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
The drug is
hemostyptic and antibacterial in effect (cyanogenic glucoside acalyphine). In
vitro, proof of an acceleration of blood coagulation exists, which is due to
the high levels of calcium salts. The leaf latex is said to have emetic and
expectorant effects upon children. When administered as a suppository for
constipation, it is said to immediately relax the contracted anal sphincter (Gruenwald
et al., 2000).
DOSAGE
DOSAGES (Duke, J et al., 2002)
15 g decoction
laxative (CRC); 1–4 drachms juice as laxative (DEP); 100 g herb/liter water
(PH2).
DOSAGE
(Gruenwald et al., 2000)
Mode of
Administration: Liquid
preparations and other galenic preparations for internal use and liquid preparations
for external use.
Preparation:
Decoction: 100 gm drug to 1 liter
water
Extract: 1000 gm drug to 1000 ml
90% ethanol (V/V)
Infusion: 50 gm drug to 1 liter
water
Juice: 800 gm drug to 800 ml
water and 200 ml ethanol 90%
Tincture: 125 gm drug to 1000 ml
ethanol 90% (V/V)
Daily
Dosage:
Decoction — single dose: 15 to 30
ml
Extract — single dose: 0.3 to 2
ml
Infusion — single dose: 15 to 30
ml
Juice — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
Tincture — single dose: 2 to 4 ml
DOSAGE OTHER USES (Kinho, T
et al., 2011)
Roots trusted by the public to
treat some kind of cancer or tumor. Way use, take as many as 7 root stems then
boil in 2 cups of water until it becomes 1 glass and drink.
1. Bloody stools, nosebleeds and coughs:
wash 30-60 g dried earring plants then boiled with 2 cups of water until the
remaining 1 cup. Chill then drink 2 times a day each ½ cup.
2. Diarrhea and vomiting of blood: boil
30-60 g dried herbs with 2 cups of water until 1 glass left then chill. Drink
water stew 2 times a day, each ½ cup.
3. Bleeding and external wounds: crush
the herbs Fresh earrings to taste and then mix with sugar. Stick it to the
wound.
4. Dysentery: Wash 30-60 g of earring
plants dry then boil in 2 cups of water until the remaining 1 glass. Chill then
drink 2 times a day each ½ cup. Do it regularly 5-10 days. (Hariana, 2005).
CONTRA-INDICATIONS,
SIDE EFFECTS/ ADVERSE REACTIONS INTERACTIONS, WARNING
CONTRAINDICATIONS, INTERACTIONS, AND
SIDE EFFECTS
Not covered (AHP). Aside from
possible gastric irritation, no hazards or side effects are known with proper
therapeutic dosages (PH2). Possibly allergenic (PH2). Plant contains cyanide,
may cause blood poisoning leading to a chocolate-brown blood (WBB). Alcoholic
root, shoot, and/or leaf extracts are active against Escherichia and Micrococcus (WO2).
INDICATIONS
Acne (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f;
PH2; WOI); Asthma (f; DEP); Bacteria (1; PH2; WOI); Bite (f; KAB); Bleeding (1;
PH2; WOI); Bronchosis (f; CRC; PH2); Burn (f; WOI); Cancer (f; JLH; PH2);
Congestion (f; DEP); Constipation (f; CRC; PH2; WOI); Cough (f; DEP; WOI);
Croup (f; CRC; PH2); Decubitis (f; DEP; WOI); Dermatosis (f; DEP; PH2; WOI);
Earache (f; PH2; WOI); Eczema (f; CRC; PH2); Escherichia (1; WOI); Fever (f; CRC);
Fungus (f; WOI); Gas (f; WOI); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Headache (f; CRC; DEP);
Hemoptysis (f; WOI); Infection (1; WO2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Maggot (f; CRC);
Mania (f; DEP); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; WBB); Pain (f; DEP; MPI; WO2); Parasite (f;
CRC; KAB); Phthisis (f; CRC; WOI); Pneumonia (f; CRC; SKJ); Pulmonosis (f;
WOI); Rheumatism (f; DEP; WOI); Ringworm (f; CRC; DEP; WOI); Scabies (f; CRC;
WOI); Sore (f; WOI); Syphilis (f; DEP); Toothache (f; WOI; WO2); Tuberculosis
(f; CRC; DEP); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Water Retention (f; WOI); Worm (f; CRC;
DEP; KAB; PH2); Wound (f; CRC; PH2).
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory,
art decay, Astringent stop bleeding (hemostatic), bitter and cool (Kurdi, A.
2010).
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl
acetate and methanol extracts from the leaves of the earrings provide
antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Sraphylococcus aureus,
S.epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococeus faecalis and gram-negative
Pseudomonas aerughiosa, with minimum inhibitory levels (MIC) between 0.156 - 2
, 5 mg / mL.5 Acetone and ethanol extracts from the leaves of the earrings also
showed antibacterial activity against Escherecia coli. Klebsiella pneumonia, S.
aureus. Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC for 40 acetone extracts
respectively; 80: 40; 20 and 60 pg / 0, lmL and for ethanol extracts 20; 90;
60; 60 and 40 pg / 0.1 mL / Earring leaf water extract showed activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that were resistant to various drugs (Multi
Drugs Resistance). (National Agency for Drug and
Food Control RI, 2010).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side
effects other than possible gastric irritation are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Dermatitis has been
observed following skin contact with the latex of the fresh plant. Cyanide
poisonings from the drug are unlikely, due to the relatively low levels of
cyanogenic glycoside content and the lack of stimuli leading to ingestion (Gruenwald et
al., 2000).
OVERDOSAGE
In animal experiments
(rabbits), administration of large quantities of the drug led to
gastrointestinal inflammation and to a change in blood color to
chocolate-brown, indicating the presence of additional toxic substances (Gruenwald et
al., 2000).
CANCER HERB
(Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) +
Duke, J et
al., 2002
ACTIVITIES
(CANCER HERB)
Antibacterial (1; TRA); Antiemetic (f; MPG); Antiinflammatory
(f; MPG); Antiseptic (1; MPG); Antispasmodic (f; MPG); Diuretic (f; MPG); Tonic
(f; MPG).
INDICATIONS
(CANCER HERB)
Allergy (f; MPG); Amebiasis (f; MPG); Athlete’s Foot
(f; MPG); Bacteria (1; TRA); Blister (f; AAB); Boil (f; AAB); Cancer (f; AAB;
MPG); Constipation (f; MPG); Cramp (f; MPG); Dermatosis (f; TRA); Diarrhea (f;
MPG); Dysentery (f; MPG); Dysuria (f; TRA); Emesis
(f; MPG); Enterosis (f; MPG); Fungus (f; AAB); Gastrosis (f; AAB); Headache (f;
MPG); Infection (f; AAB); Inflammation (f; AAB; MPG; TRA); Itch (f; AAB);
Ringworm (f; AAB); Snakebite (f; MPG); Sore (f; AAB); Staphylococcus (1; TRA);
Stomachache (f; MPG); Ulcer (f; MPG); UTI (f; AAB); Vaginosis (f; AAB); VD (f;
MPG); Vomiting (f; MPG); Water Retention (f; MPG).
DOSAGES
(CANCER HERB)
Boil one whole plant in 3 cups
water 5 minutes and take 1 cup before each meal (AAB).
REFERENCE
RI POM Agency. 2010. Reference
To The Preparation Of The Fifth Edition Of Herbal Vol. Jakarta.
Directorate of Original Indonesian Medicine.
Badrunasar, A and Santoso, H. B.
2016. WILD PLANT Efficacious Drugs. West Java. Forda Press.
Duke, J. A. with Mary Jo
Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke. 2002. Handbook
of Medicinal Herbs 2nd Ed. CRC Press LLC. The USA.
Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T.,
Jaenicke, C. (Eds), 2000, PDR for Herbal Medicines, Third Edition,
Medical Economics Company, New Jersey,
Kinho, J; Irawati, D; Arini, D;
Halawane, J; Conscience, L; Halidah, Kafiar, J and Moody C. Karundeng. 2011. Traditional
Medicinal Plants in North Sulawesi Volume II. Manado. Manado Forestry
Research Institute, Ministry of Forestry Research and Development, Ministry of
Forestry
Kurdi, A. 2010. INDONESIAN
HERBAL PLANTS How to Process and Benefits for Health. Tanjung. (Personal
Publication)
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