MARIGOLD -- Marigold officinalis L. (Asteraceae) +++ [Compositae or Daisy])

HERBAL

MEDICINAL

PLANT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                          

   

MARIGOLD

Marigold officinalis  L. (Asteraceae) +++ [Compositae or Daisy])

 

BY

 

RETTODWIKART THENU

MARIGOLD

(mar’uh-goeld)

 

 

Marigold officinalis  L. (Asteraceae) +++

[Compositae or Daisy])  

 

SUMMARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMMENT

 

Marigold is indigenous to Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean where its medicinal value has been respected since ancient times. Marigold was popular in Ancient Greece and in earlier Indian and Arabic cultures. It has been a common garden plant since the 12th century and it is mentioned in several older herbals. The name Marigold comes from the Latin calends, meaning the first day of the month, referring to the plant’s near continual flowering habit.

 

Phytochemical studies have reported four main groups of constituents, for Marigold, namely flavonoids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and triterpenes. The latter seems to represent the principal group, with many compounds isolated, including pentacyclic alcohols, glycosides (saponins) and sterols. Animal studies have reported wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the traditional uses of Marigold in various dermatological conditions. The antiinflammatory effect is due to the triterpenoid constituents, although flavonoids may contribute to the activity. The reputed antispasmodic effect may be attributable to the volatile oil fraction. In addition, immunostimulant activity has been reported for high molecular weight polysaccharide components. Clinical research assessing the effects of Marigold preparations is limited, and rigorous randomised controlled clinical trials are required.

 

TRADE NAMES

Calendula, Califlora Calendula Gel, Calendula Gel, Calendula Ointment

 

OTHER COMMON NAMES

Calendula, Garden Marigold, Pot Marigold, Poet’s Marigold Holligold, Goldbloom, Golds,

Mary Bud, Ruddes, Mary Gowles

 

DESCRIPTION

MEDICINAL PARTS: The flowers are primarily used, but the stems, younger leaves, seeds and roots all have medicinal properties.

FLOWER AND FRUIT: On the tip of each stem there is a 5 to 7 cm composite flower head consisting of an epicalyx of numerous narrow-lanceolate sepals, which are densely covered on both sides with glandular hairs. The inner section of the flower head is made up of orange-yellow tubular florets.  The disc florets are pseudohermaphrodites; the female sterile. The zygomorphic ray florets at the edge are female, their stamens are completely absent, and their inferior ovaries are much more developed than those of the tubular florets. only in the female ray flowers. The heterocarp acherte$*are~sickle-shaped, curved and ringed.

LEAVES, STEM AND ROOT: The plant is usually an annual, seldom biennial. It grows to between 30 and 50 cm high and has a 20 cm long tap root and numerous thin, secondary roots. The stem is erect, angular, downy and branched from the base up or higher. The alternate leaves are almost spatulate at the base, oblong to lanceolate above and are all tomentose.

CHARACTERISTICS: The plant has a strong, unpleasant smell.

HABITAT: Central and southern Europe, western Asia and the U.S.

PRODUCTION: Marigold flowers are the ray florets of the completely unfolded, collected and dried capitula of Calendula officinalis. Harvest begins in July. Drying takes place in the shade at a maximum of 45° C. Calendula herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts of Calendula officinalis harvested during flowering season.

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH: Other Asteraceae; arnica and saffron are often adulterated with Marigold.

 

SPECIES (FAMILY)

Marigold officinalis  L. (Asteraceae) +++  [Compositae or Daisy]) 

 

SYNONYM(S)

Gold-bloom, Marigold, Marybud, Pot Marigold, Ringelblume (Ger.)

C. officinalis var. prolifera hort.

 

ORIGIN

Marigold is an annual found in parts of Europe, the United States, and Canada.

 

PHARMACOPODIAL AND OTHER MONOGRAPHS

BHP 1996(G9)

BP 2007(G84)

Complete German Commission E(G3)

ESCOP 2003(G76)

Martindale 35th edition(G85)

Ph Eur 2007(G81)

WHO volume 1 1999(G63)

 

 

LEGAL CATEGORY (LICENSED PRODUCTS)

GSL (external use only) (G37)

 

CONSTITUENTS

The following is compiled from several sources, including General References G2, G48, G62 and G76.

Flavonoids Pharmacopoeial standard not less than 0.4% flavonoids.(G81,G84) Flavonol (isorhamnetin, quercetin) glycosides including isoquercitrin, narcissin, neohesperidoside, and rutin.(1)

Polysaccharides Three polysaccharides PS-I, -II and –III have a (1!3)-b-D-galactan backbone with short side chains at C-6, comprising a-araban-(1!3)-araban, a-L-rhamnan-(1!3)-araban or simple a-L-rhamnan moieties.(2)

Terpenoids Many components, including a- and b-amyrin, lupeol, longispinogenin, oleanolic acid, arnidiol, brein, calenduladiol, erythrodiol, faradiol, faradiol-3-myristic acid ester, faradiol- 3-palmitic acid ester,(3) helantriols A1, B0, B1 and B2, lupeol, maniladiol, urs-12-en-3,16,21-triol, ursadiol; oleanolic acid saponins including calendulosides C–H;(4) campesterol, cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and taraxasterol (sterols).(5)

Volatile Oils Terpenoid components include menthone, isomenthone, caryophyllene and an epoxide and ketone derivative, pedunculatine, a- and b-ionone, a b-ionone epoxide derivative, dihydroactinidiolide.(6)

Other Constituents Bitter (loliolide),(7) arvoside A (sesquiterpene glycoside),(8) carotenoid pigments(9) and calendulin (gum).(9)

 

Important Constituents: Triterpene saponins (2–10 %), triterpene alcohols (4.8 %), flavonoids (0.3–0.8 %), hydroxycoumarins, carotinoids, essential oil (0.2 %), and water-soluble polysaccharides (15 %).

 

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS

COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD FLOWERS

Triterpene saponins (2 to 10%): glycosides A to F (mono- or bisdemosidic oleanolic acid glycosides)

Triterpene alcohols: tirterpene monooles (0.8%), triterpene dioles (4%) and triterpene trioles, including lupeol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, faradiol, arnidiol, their mono- and diesters (chiefly acetic acid, lauric, myristic and palmitic acid as acid components)

Flavonoids (0.3 to 0.8%): including isorhamnetin and quercetin glycosides

Hydroxycoumarins: including scopoletin, umbelliferone, esculetin

Carotinoids: chief components lutein, zeaxanthine

Volatile oil (0.2%): chief components alpha-cadinol, Tcadinol, fatty acids

Water-soluble polysaccharides (15%): rhamnoarabinogalactans, arabinogalactans

Polyynes

 

COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD HERB

Triterpene saponins

Flavonoids

Carotinoids

Volatile oil

 

The major constituents are triterpene saponins (2– 10%) based on oleanolic acid and flavonols (3-O-glycosides of isorhamnetin and quercetin), including astragalin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin, as well as the carotenoids flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (Bako et al 2002). The triterpendiol esters faradiol laurate, faradiol myristate and faradiol palmitate have been identified as the major active compounds, which are also used as marker compounds for standardisation of calendula extracts (Hamburger et al 2003, Zitterl-Eglseer et al 2001). The terpenoids faradiol, amidiol and calenduladiol have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity (Neukirch et al 2005).

Other constituents include essential oil, sesquiterpenes, including caryophyllene, and triterpenes, including amyrins, lupeol and lupenone. Calendula also contains polysaccharides (WHO 2003), as well as minerals such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper and manganese (Ahmed et al 2003).

 

USES

USES

Marigold is used topically to treat skin disorders such as venous stasis ulcers, decubitus ulcers, varicose veins, bruises, boils, and rashes. It also is used topically to help heal chapped, cracked skin and for aromatherapy. Marigold is used internally to treat gastric disorders and promote digestion. It is used both internally and topically to treat infl ammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa.

 

INVESTIGATIONAL USES

Studies are underway to determine the antitumor and antiinfective properties of marigold.

 

FOOD USE

Calendula is not used in foods. Previously, calendula has been listed as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe).(G65)

 

HERBAL USE

Calendula is stated to possess antispasmodic, mild diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-haemorrhagic, emmenagogue, vulnerary, styptic and antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea and epistaxis; crural ulcers, varicose veins, haemorrhoids, anal eczema, proctitis, lymphadenoma, inflamed cutaneous lesions (topically) and conjunctivitis (as an eye lotion). The German Commission E approved internal and external use for inflammation of oral and pharyngeal mucosa and external use in treatment of poorly healing sores.(G3)

 

CLINICAL USE

Calendula is generally used in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders or inflammation of the mucosa and as an aid to wound healing (Blumenthal et al 2000, ESCOP 1996). It is used both internally and topically for a variety of indications.

Wounds and Burns

Historically, calendula flower preparations have been used to accelerate the healing of wounds, burns, bruises, grazes and minor skin infections. In recent times, it has been investigated for its effects on wound healing in a variety of experimental models and clinical studies as either a stand-alone topical treatment or in combination with other ingredients.

In an RCT involving 254 patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer, topical treatment with calendula to the irradiated skin was found to be significantly more effective than trolamine in reducing acute dermatitis, with patients receiving calendula having less frequent interruption of radiotherapy and significantly reduced radiation- induced pain (Pommier et al 2004). In another controlled trial involving 34 patients with venous leg ulcers, a calendula extract applied twice daily for 3 weeks was found to produce a statistically significant acceleration in healing compared to a saline solution (Duran et al 2005). 

Calendula ointment (8%, 1:10 tincture in 70% alcohol) is a useful adjuvant treatment during cosmetic surgery, according to a study of 19 cleft-lip patients with discoloured scar tissue. Pretreatment with the calendula ointment under a gauze dressing every evening for 1 month improved the results of dermatography, a refined tattooing technique used to improve the appearance of scars (Van der Velden & Van der Dussen 1995). Another clinical study used a mixture of chlorhexidine acetate and a 2% calendula extract as a haemostatic aerosol, producing good results (Garg & Sharma 1992).

A larger, open, randomised parallel study of 156 patients in four burn centres in France compared the effects of three different topical ointments (calendula, a proteolytic ointment and vaseline) on the management of second and third degree burns. A thick layer of the test ointment was applied daily under a closed dressing until grafting or spontaneous healing occurred and effectiveness was evaluated between the 8th and 12th day of treatment. Failure was defined as the presence of an eschar, local infection, premature treatment discontinuation or failure to complete the study. A marginally significant difference in favour of calendula over vaseline was observed and calendula was significantly better tolerated than the other treatments (Lievre et al 1992).

Prophylactic treatment with calendula ointment has also been used successfully to reduce the incidence and severity of bedsores in an open multicentre study. In other studies, positive results have been demonstrated in the treatment of poor venous return associated with ulcers, thrombophlebitis and other cutaneous changes such as inflammation, cracks and eczema (Issac 1992).   In practice, calendula is sometimes used together with St John’s wort for stronger effects. The combination of Calendula arvensis (field marigold) and Hypericum perforatum oils has been shown to improve the epithelial reconstruction of surgical wounds in childbirth with caesarean section (Lavagna et al 2001).

A combination of calendula, Arctium lappa and Geranium robertianum has also been shown to improve healing of ulceration in 52 patients suffering herpetic keratitis compared with treatment with acyclovir alone (Corina et al 1999). Commission E approves the external use of calendula for poorly healing wounds and leg ulcers (Blumenthal et al 2000).

 

Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Disorders (In Combination)

An oral mixture of Symphytum officinalis (comfrey) and calendula was beneficial in the treatment of duodenal ulcers and gastroduodenitis according to a study involving 170 patients. Of these, 137 were treated with the herbal combination and 33 also received an antacid. A dramatic 90% of treated patients became pain free and 85% had a reduction in dyspeptic complaints. Gastric acidity showed a statistically insignificant tendency to decrease in both groups. Gastroscopy later revealed that the ulcers had healed in 90% of patients (Chakurski et al

1981). Interestingly, a smaller study conducted by the same researchers involving only 32 patients with the same condition failed to detect a beneficial effect (Matev et al 1981).

A further study by the same authors found another mixture containing calendula to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic colitis. A combination of Taraxacum officinale, Hypericum perforatum, Melissa officinalis, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare was shown to relieve the spontaneous and palpable pains along the large intestine in over 95% of the patients (n = 24) by day 15 of treatment.

Defecation was normalised in patients with diarrhoea and constipated patients were successfully treated with the addition of Rhamnus frangula, Citrus aurantium and Carum carvi. The pathological admixtures in faeces disappeared (Chakurski et al 1981). Although encouraging, the role of calendula as a stand-alone treatment is difficult to determine from these studies. Additionally, the oral ingestion of comfrey is not recommended due to potential hepatotoxic effects.

Gingivitis

Calendula has been shown in an open, clinical study to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis (Krazhan & Garazha 2001). Interestingly, calendula extract failed to show any significant activity in vitro against common oral microorganisms in a second study that tested it against the saliva and dental plaque from 20 infants (Modesto et al 2000); however, a homeopathic preparation of calendula has been found to inhibit Streptococcus mutans (Giorgi et al 2004).  Commission E approves the internal and topical use of calendula flowers for inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa (Blumenthal et al 2000). NAPPY RASH

 

Efficacy and Safety of Two Baby Creams In Nappy Rash

In a postmarketing surveillance study (Guala et al 2007), 82 infants aged between 3 days and 48 months were randomised to receive either calendula cream (Weleda) or Babygella for treatment of their nappy rash. Both preparations were judged by physicians and mothers as useful, however mothers tended to describe the calendula cream more frequently than Babygella as very good rather than satisfactory. The calendula cream also contained other anti-inflammatory and healing ingredients such as chamomile and zinc, making the contribution of calendula hard to judge.

 

OTHER USES

The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recommends calendula for gastric and duodenal ulcers, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea and epistaxis (BHMA 1983). Topically it is recommended for leg ulcers, varicose veins, haemorrhoids, eczema and proctitis. The specific indications are for enlarged or inflamed lymphatic nodes, sebaceous cysts, duodenal ulcers, and acute and chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Its styptic activity makes it a popular topical treatment for bleeding.

 

 

Figure 1. Marigold (Calendula officinalis).

 

Figure 2. Marigold – dried drug substance (flower).

 

ACTIONS

Antitumor Action

Research  is available documenting the use of lutein, a chemical component of marigold, as an antitumor agent. Mice fed a diet of lutein from marigold extract were inoculated after 2 weeks with tumor cells. Cell proliferation was measured for 70 days. Low levels of lutein were found to lower the incidence of mammary tumors, tumor growth, and lipid peroxidation, whereas higher levels were found to be less effective. Researchers concluded that low levels of dietary lutein can decrease mammary tumor development (Park et al, 1998). An earlier study showed similar results (Chew et al, 1996). Two newer studies (Jimenez-Medina et al, 2006; Barajas-Farias et al, 2006) identifi ed the dual and opposite effect of marigold, both chemoprotectant and promoter in hepatocarcinogenesis in the laboratory.

Antiinfective Action

One study evaluated the use of marigold in treating the tick-borne encephalitis virus (Fokina et al, 1991). In mice inoculated with the virus, marigold was only partly effective in killing the virus. Other herbal preparations exhibited much more antiviral activity. Another study examining the effectiveness of various herbs against dermal staphylococcus, streptococcus, and protozoa found that marigold was one of the most active extracts. This information may be useful for the development of products to treat dermal diseases (Molochko et al, 1990).

 

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS

IN VITRO AND ANIMAL STUDIES

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral activities have been reported for calendula.(10) Weak anti-inflammatory activity in rats (carrageenan-induced oedema) has been reported.(11, 12) An aqueous ethanolic extract had mild dose-dependent action in the mouse croton oil test with 20% inhibition being reached at a dose of 1200 mg/ear, whereas a carbon dioxide extract exhibited 70% inhibition at the same concentration.(5, 13) The activity was shown to be due to the triterpenoids, the most active being a monoester of faradiol. Further separation of the triterpenoids has shown that the three most active compounds in the croton oil mouse test are faradiol-3-myristic acid ester, faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester and 4-taraxosterol.(3)

A polysaccharide enriched extract showed strong concentration- dependent adhesive properties on porcine buccal membranes ex vivo.(14) Fluorescent labelled rhamnogalacturan indicated the presence of polysaccharide layers on buccal membranes, leading to the suggestion that irritated buccal membranes may be smoothed by mucilage. The formation of new blood vessels is an essential part of the wound-healing process. Angiogenic activity has been shown for a freeze-dried aqueous extract of calendula utilising the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay.(15) The number of microvessels in calendula-treated CAMs was significantly higher than in the control (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, calendula-treated CAMs were positive for the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) associated with neovascularisation. The presence of HA was not demonstrated in control CAMs.

A combination of allantoin and calendula extract applied to surgically induced skin wounds in rats has been reported to stimulate physiological regeneration and epithelisation.(16) This effect was attributed to a more intensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen proteins during the regenerative period in the tissues.(16) Allantoin applied on its own was found to exert a much weaker action.(16)

A proprietary cream containing a combination of plant extracts, including calendula, has been reported to be effective in dextran and burn oedemas and in acute lymphoedema in rats. Activity against lymphoedema was primarily attributed to an enhancement of macrophage proteolytic activity.(17) Slight increases in foot oedema were attributed to a vasodilatory action. The trichomonacidal activity of calendula has been associated with the essential oil terpenoid fraction.(6)

An in vitro uterotonic effect has been described for calendula extract on rabbit and guinea-pig preparations.(18)

Immunostimulant activity, assayed using granulocyte and carbon clearance tests, of calendula extracts has been attributed to polysaccharide fractions of high molecular weight.(19) Polysaccharides PS-I, -II and -III have immunostimulant activity at concentrations of 10^_5 to 10^_6 mg/mL, stimulating phagocytosis of human granulocytes in vitro.(2) A dry 70% ethanolic extract was not directly mitogenic, and was inhibitory in the mitogeninduced lymphocyte assay, causing stimulation at concentrations of 0.1–10 mg/mL, and inhibition at higher concentrations.(20)

A 70% methanolic extract of calendula was successively extracted with ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, leaving a residual aqueous extract. Each of the five extracts were concentrated and dissolved in 50% ethanol to produce 6% (w/v) solutions which were assessed for activity on liposomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2þ and ascorbic acid. The ether, butanol and water extracts showed antioxidant activity.(21) The triterpenoid constituents of calendula are reported to be effective as spermicides and as antiblastocyst and abortion agents.(G53)

In vitro cytotoxic activity and in vivo antitumour activity (against mouse Ehrlich carcinoma) have been documented for calendula extracts.(7) The most active fraction in vivo (saponinrich) was not the most active in vitro.(10)

A 70% aqueous ethanolic extract had marked antiviral activity against influenza virus and herpes simplex virus.(G52) A dichloromethane–methanol (1 : 1) extract exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay.(22) Uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely protected for up to 24 hours from fusion and subsequent death caused by co-cultivation with persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. The organic extract caused a significant concentration- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.(22)

In a study in mice fed for three weeks with a diet containing either 0.1% or 0.4% of a calendula extract (containing 37% of esters of the carotenoid lutein), mammary tumour cells were infused into the mammary glands. Tumour latency increased, and tumour growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by dietary lutein. In addition, dietary lutein was reported to enhance lymphocyte proliferation.(23)

 

CLINICAL STUDIES

Clinical research assessing the effects of calendula preparations is limited, and rigorous randomised controlled clinical trials are required. A proprietary cream preparation containing several plant extracts, including calendula, has been reported to reduce pain associated with postmastectomy lymphoedema, although there was no significant clinical difference in the reduction of oedema between controls and experimental groups.(17)

Calendula tincture 20% has been used in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis,(24) and calendula extracts are used to accelerate healing and to reduce inflammation.(9) However, the efficacy of calendula preparations in these indications has not been assessed in randomised controlled clinical trials. In an open, uncontrolled pilot study, 30 patients with burns or scalds were treated three times daily with a hydrogel containing 10% aqueous ethanolic extract of calendula for 14 days.(25)

Improvement was noted for reddening, swelling, blistering, pain, soreness and heat sensitivity. However, the methodological limitations of this study do not allow any conclusions to be made on the effects of calendula.

 

Marigold flower is antimicrobial (essential oil, flavones), fungicidal, virucidal (influenza and herpes simplex viruses), antiphlogistic, vulnerary, and immunostimulant (polysaccharides). Extensive research data on the herb are available.

 

MAIN ACTIONS

Antimicrobial

Hydro-alcoholic extracts have been shown to have antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The in vitro antifungal activity of calendula flower extracts has been investigated against Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus japonicum, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Rhodotorula glutinis. Calendula extract showed a high degree of activity against all fungi and the inhibitory effect was comparable to that of standard antifungals (Kasiram et al 2000). A flower extract has been shown to inhibit trichomonas. The oxygenated terpenes are thought to be the main active compounds (Gracza & Szasz 1968, Samochowiec et al 1979). A 70% hydro-alcoholic extract demonstrated virucidal activity against influenza virus and suppressed the growth of HSV (Bogdanova et al 1970). Calendula flower extract has also been shown to possess anti-HIV and anti-EBV activity in vitro (Kalvatchev et al 1997, Ukiya et al 2006).

Promotes Wound Healing

An ointment containing 5% calendula flower extract, as well as an ointment containing two different fractions of calendula extract combined with allantoin, have been shown to stimulate physiological regeneration and epithelialisation in experimentally induced surgical wounds. The effect is thought to be due to more intensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen proteins during regeneration of the tissues (Klouchek-Popova et al 1982).

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory activity has been demonstrated in several animal models. Pretreatment with an 80% hydro-alcoholic extract reduced carrageenaninduced rat paw oedema at a dose of 100 mg extract/kg. Endomethacin 5 mg/kg was shown to be 4-fold more potent in the same experiment (Mascolo et al 1987). Both a 70% hydro-alcoholic extract and a CO2-extract have been shown to inhibit experimentally induced inflammation and oedema. The triterpenoids were shown to be the main active anti-inflammatory compounds, with the faradiol monoester appearing to be the most relevant compound due to its quantitative prevalence (Della et al 1994). A freeze-dried extract of calendula was found to suppress both the inflammatory effect and leukocyte infiltration in an inflammatory model induced by the simultaneous injection of carrageenan and PGE1 (Shipochliev et al 1981). Ten triterpenoid glycosides (including four new compounds) were isolated from calendula and tested for anti-inflammatory activity. Of these, nine were found to be effective against12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate–induced inflammation in mice (Ukiya et al 2006).

 

OTHER ACTIONS

Reduces Oedema

Oral administration of a triterpene-containing fraction prevented the development of ascites and increased survival time compared with controls in mice inoculated with a carcinoma ( Boucaud-Maitre et al 1988). The main triterpendiol esters of calendula, the faradiol esters, have been shown to possess anti-oedema activity by inhibiting croton oil-induced oedema of the mouse ear (Zitterl-Eglseer et al 1997).

Immunomodulation

Isolated polysaccharides have been shown to stimulate phagocytosis of human granulocytes (Varljen et al 1989, Wagner et al 1985). A 70% ethanol extract of calendula was shown to completely inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin in vitro (Amirghofran et al 2000).

Antioxidant

Calendula has free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity, with aqueous extracts having greater activity than methanolic extracts, with antioxidant activity being related to the total phenolic content and flavonoid content (Cetkovic et al 2004). The butanolic fraction of a calendula extract has been shown to reduce superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, suggesting a free radical scavenging effect. Lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes is also reduced (Cordova et al 2002). Isorhamnetin glycosides isolated from calendula have been shown to inhibit the activity of lipo-oxygenase (Bezakova et al 1996).

Antispasmodic Activity

Calendula has demonstrated anti-spasmodic activity in isolated gut preparations (Bashir et al 2006). These effects appeared to be due to calcium channel blocking and cholinergic activity.

Hypoglycaemic Activity

A methanolic extract and its butanol-soluble fraction have been found to have hypoglycaemic and gastroprotective effects and to slow gastric emptying. From the butanol-soluble fraction, four new triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C and D, were isolated, together with eight known saponins, seven known flavonol glycosides, and a known sesquiterpene glucoside. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The principal saponin constituents, glycosides A, B, C, D and F, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on an increase in serum glucose levels in glucose-loaded rats, gastric emptying in mice, and ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats (Yoshikawa et al 2001).

Hypolipidaemic Activity

Oral administration of an isolated saponin fraction has been shown to reduce serum lipid levels in hyperlipidaemic rats (ESCOP 1996).

Hepatoprotective

Calendula extracts have been shown to have hepatoprotective effects on rat hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo (Barajas-Farias et al 2006, Rusu et al 2005), with cytotoxic and genotoxic effects being evident at very high doses (Barajas-Farias et al 2006, Perez-Carreon et al 2002).

 

ACTIVITIES

Abortifacient (1; CAN); Analgesic (1; BGB; CRC; WAM); Angiogenic (1; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; CRC; WO2); Antibacterial (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Antiblastocytic (1; CAN); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiemetic (1; WO2); Antihemorrhagic (f; CAN); Anti-HIV (1; BGB; PH2); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; SHT; WAM); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antisarcomic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CAN; PH2; WAM); Antispasmodic (1; CAN; CRC); Antisuppurative (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CAN); Antiviral (1; BGB; PH2; SKY); Aphrodisiac (1; WO2); Astringent (f; CRC); Bitter (1; JFM); Candidicide (1; PH2); Cardiotonic (f; PHR); Carminative (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Cholagogue (f; CRC); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); Depurative (f; CRC); Dermagenic (1; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; BGB; CAN; CRC); Estrogenic (1; WO2); Fungicide (1; BGB; PH2); Hemostat (f; CRC); HIV-RT-Inhibitor (1; BGB); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; BGB; CAN); Laxative (f; CRC); Lymphadenomic (f; CAN); RT-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Sedative (1; WO2); Spermicide (1; CAN); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Trichomonicide (1; CAN); Uterotonic (1; CAN; WO2); Vasodilator (1; CAN); Vulnerary (2; KOM; PH2; SHT).

 

INDICATIONS

Abrasion (1; CRC); Acne (f; PHR); Adenopathy (1; PHR; PH2); Amenorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Arthrosis (f; JFM); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Bacteria (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Bee Sting (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Bleeding (f; CAN; CRC; JFM); Boil (1; BGB; BIS); Bruise (1; BGB; BIS; CRC); Bug Bite (1; WAM); Burn (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Callus

(f; JFM); Cancer (1; CAN; CRC; PHR); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, intestine (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH; JFM); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; FNF); Candida (1; PH2); Cholera (f; CRC); Circulosis (f; PH2); Condyloma (1; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BGB; CAN; PHR; PH2); Constipation (f; CRC; PH2); Convulsion (f; PHR); Cough (f; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (1; BGB; PHR; PH2; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; CAN); Eczema (1; CAN; PHR; PH2; WAM); Enterosis (1; PH2); Epistaxis (f; CAN); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (f; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; PH2); Flu (f; CRC); Frostbite (f; PHR; PH2); Fungus (1; BGB; PH2); Furunculosis (f; PHR); Gas (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Gastrosis (1; PH2; SKY); Gingirrhagia (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CAN; CRC); Hepatosis (f; BGB; PHR); Herpes (1; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); HIV (1; BGB; PH2); Immunodepression (1; BGB; CAN); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; BGB; PH2); Inflammation (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Insomnia (1; WO2); Jaundice (f; BGB; CRC; PHR; PH2); Mastosis (f; PNC); Menstrual Distress (f; PHR); Mucososis (2; KOM; WO2); Mycosis (1; BGB; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; WO2); Otosis (1; CAN); Pain (1; BGB; CRC; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Phlebitis (f; PHR); Pneumonia (1; PH2); Proctosis (f; CAN; CRC; PH2); Rhinosis (1; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC; HHB); Sore (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Sore Throat (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Sprain (1; CRC; WAM); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Steatoma (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; CRC; PH2); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Strep Throat (2; PHR); Strains (1; WAM); Streptococcus (1; PH2); Sunburn (SKY); Swelling (1; CAN); Syphilis (f; CRC); Thrombophlebitis (f; PHR); Toothache (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (1; CAN); Typhus (f; CRC); Ulcer (2; PH2); Ulcus cruris (2; CAN; KOM); Ulcer (internal) (1; BGB; CRC; PHR); Varicosis (f; CRC; PHR; WO2); Virus (1; BGB; PH2; SKY); Vomiting (1; WO2); Wart (f; CRC; JLH; JFM); Water Retention (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Worm (f; PHR; PH2); Wound (2; CRC; PH2; SHT); Xeroderma (f; PHR); Yeast (1; PH2).

 

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

MARIGOLD FLOWERS

Approved by Commission E:

·        Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx

·        Wounds and burns  

 

Externally, Marigold is used for inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, poorly healing wounds, leg ulcers, to clean wounds, and for acute and chronic skin inflammation.

Unproven Uses: Marigold has been used extensively as a folk medicine. Externally it is used for varicosis, vascular disease wounds, inflammatory skin disease, anal eczema, proctitis, conjunctivitis. It is a constituent in treatments forsore, dry skin, bee stings and frostbite.

Marigold is used internally for inflammatory conditions of internal organs, gastrointestinal ulcers, constipation, worm infestation and dysmenorrhea. It is also used as a diuretic and diaphoretic. In the past (19th century), Marigold was used as a cancer therapy but is no longer in use today for this purpose.

 

Homeopathic Uses: Calendula officinalis is used for frostbite, burns to the skin and poorly healing wounds. The efficacy of the homeopathic uses has not been proven.

 

MARIGOLD HERB

Unproven Uses: Preparations are used for circulation, ulcers, spasms, swelling of the glands, jaundice, and for wounds and eczema. The herb is used in Russia for strep throat, on the Canaries for coughs and cramps and in China for irregular menstruation.

 

PRODUCT AVAILABILITY

Mouthwash, Ointment, Tea, Tincture, Cream, Gel, Shampoo

PLANT PARTS USED: Flowers, Leaves

 

DOSAGES

 

DOSAGES

·        Adult PO tea: 1-4 mL tid

·        Adult PO tincture: 1-4 mL tid

·        Adult topical ointment: may be applied prn to the affected area

 

DOSAGES

Dosages for oral administration (adults) and directions for external use (where stated) for traditional uses recommended in older and contemporary standard herbal reference texts are given below.

·        Dried Florets 1–4 g by infusion three times daily.(G7)

·        Liquid Extract 0.5–1.0 mL (1 : 1 in 40% alcohol) three times daily.(G7)

·        Calendula Tincture (BPC 1934) 0.3–1.2mL (1 : 5 in 90% alcohol) three times daily.(G7)

·        External use Tincture–Liquid Extract (1 : 1) in 40% alcohol or tincture 1 : 5 in 90% alcohol. Apply to wounds as such and dilute 1 : 3 with water for compresses. Ointment 2.5%.(G52)

 

DOSAGES

·        5–40 drops tincture 3 ×/day; 1–5 g herb/cup tea, 3 ×/daily (SF); 1–4 g flower as tea, 3 ×/day (CAN);

·        1–2 tsp flower/cup water (APA); 5 g flower in 1 liter milk for stomach cancer (JFM);

·        0.5–1.0 mL liquid flower extract (1:1 in 40% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 mL flower tincture (1:5 in 90% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 1–4 mL liquid floral extract (PNC); 0.3–1.2 mL floral tincture (PNC);  ointments w/ 2–5 g herb/100 g (PIP).

 

DOSAGES

·        Tea: Steep 1 to 2 teaspoons (2–3 g) of the herb in 150 mL of hot water for approximately 10 minutes. Use the warm tea as a mouthwash or gargle several times a day.

·        Compresses: Soak a linen compress in Marigold infusion. Apply fresh compresses several times a day.

 

DOSAGES

·        Dried Herb: 1–2 g as an infusion daily in divided doses.

·        Liquid Extract (1:2): 15–30 mL/week for internal use or 1.5–4.5 mL/day in divided doses. Dilute 1:3 for external application.

·        Tincture (1:5): 0.3–1.2 mL three times daily.

·        Calendula oil can be produced by steeping fresh flowers in vegetable oil for 1 week. Strain before use.

 

DOSAGES

MARIGOLD FLOWERS

Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions, and other preparations to be applied topically. It is available as tinctures, liquid extracts and infusions.

 

How Supplied: Powder, gel ointment, ophthalmic solution, tincture (10%), tea (infusion), shampoo and hand cream.

Cream            

Gel — 7%, 10%

Ointment — 4%

Ophthalmic solution

Tea

Tincture

Shampoo

 

Preparation:

Ø  Tea — 150 mL of hot water are poured over 1 to 2 teaspoons drug and strained after approximately 10 minutes.

Ø  Diaphoretic — 2 to 4 mL tincture to 250 to 500 mL water or 0.5 to 1 mL liquid extract 1:1 ethanol 40%.

Ø  Ointment (10 to 20%) — 2 to 5 g drug in 100 g ointment with a fatty base.

Ø  Marigold oil — olive oil extraction 1:10 peanut oil; this 1:1 in 40% ethanol or 1:5 in 90% ethanol.

 

Daily Dosage:

Ø  Sore Throat and Inflammation, powder — 1 to 2 grams of Calendula powder to 150 milliliters of water (Bisset, 1994).

Ø  Sore Throat and Inflammation, tea — 1 to 2 grams in one cup of water, steep 10 to 15 minutes.

Ø  Peptic Ulcer, tea — 1 to 4 grams in one cup of water, steep 10 to 15 minutes. Take three times daily (Mills, 1991).

Ø  Wound Treatment, ointment 2% to 5% — Apply topically to the affected area (Bisset, 1994).

Ø  Wound Treatment, compress — Steep one tablespoon herb in 500 milliliters water for 10 to 15 minutes and apply as a moist compress (Weiss, 1985).

 

Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 mL injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB1). Sfora^^g Protejct from light and moisture. May be stored a maximum of 3 years:

 

MARIGOLD HERB

Mode of Administration: Since efficacy has not been proven the therapeutic value is uncertain.

Preparation: Contained in Kneipp's Calendula Ointment.

 

 

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

 

MARIGOLD FLOWERS AND HERB

No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization after frequent skin contact with the drug. A low rate of contact dermatitis (less than 1%) occurred in patients patch-tested with a tincture of 10% Calendula. Only- 2 of 1032 patients had a positive skin reaction to Calendula (Bruynzeel et al, 1992).

 

CONTRAINDICATIONS, INTERACTIONS, AND SIDE EFFECTS

CLASS 1, CLASS 2B (AHP; CAN). I think it safer than coffee, discounting a report of anaphylactic shock in one Russian who gargled with the infusion (it’s kin to ragweed) (LRNP, August 1992). No known side effects or contraindications (KOM; SKY). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CAN caution that due to its reputed affect on the menstrual cycle, and being a uterine stimulant in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN).

 

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Irritant dermatitis from calendula has been reported (Paulsen 2002, Reider et al 2001) but is rare. Sesquiterpene lactones are the most important allergens present in Compositae species, but there are also a few cases of sensitisation from a coumarin, a sesquiterpene alcohol and a thiophene (Paulsen 2002). A study of over 1000 patients randomLy chosen from several different patch test clinics identified only one who reacted to calendula (Bruynzeel et al 1992).

Patch test results need to be carefully interpreted because false positives can occur, as the following case shows. A 35-year-old woman with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis, with a positive patch-test reaction to Compositae mix, was told she was allergic to calendula. However, it turned out that she followed a self-devised diet consisting largely of food products of the Compositae family (which includes lettuces and artichoke). On excluding these foods her skin condition improved quickly. This case report underscores the difficulty in determining the relevance of positive patch tests, and shows that thorough analysis of positive patch tests, by both patient and physician, may reveal unexpected or less common sources of contact allergens (Wintzen et al 2003).

 

SIGNIFICANT INTERACTIONS

Controlled studies are not available to assess the interaction potential of calendula.

 

CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

Use with caution in patients with confirmed allergy to herbs or foods from the Compositae family.

 

PREGNANCY USE

Insufficient reliable information available to assess safety.

 

CONTRA-INDICATIONS, WARNINGS

Calendula may cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals, especially those with an existing hypersensitivity to other members of the Asteraceae/Compositae.

Drug Interactions None documentated. However, the potential for preparations of calendula to interact with other medicines administered concurrently, particularly those with similar or opposing effects, should be considered.

Pregnancy and Lactation Calendula is traditionally reputed to affect the menstrual cycle. An uterotonic effect (in vitro) has been reported, and the triterpenoid constituents are reported to be effective as spermatocides and as antiblastocyst and abortion agents. In view of the lack of toxicity data, the use of calendula is best avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

 

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Pregnancy category is 3; Breastfeeding category is 2A. Marigold should not be given to children. Persons with hypersensitivity to marigold or other plants of the Compositae family should not use it.

 

SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE REACTIONS

GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia

INTEG: Hypersensitivity reactions

 

INTERACTIONS

Drug

CNS depressants: Marigold may increase sedation when given with central nervous system depressants (Jellin et al, 2008).

Herb

Sedative herbs: Marigold may increase sedative action of sedative herbs (Jellin et al, 2008).

 

ADVERSE EFFECTS

 There are no known health hazards or side effects in conjunction with proper administration of the designated therapeutic doses of the herb.

 

EFFECTS

EFFECTS: MARIGOLD FLOWERS

The results of numerous studies on the mode of action are available. The flowers are antimicrobial .due to the terpene alkaloids, lactone and'flavones contained in the essential oil. Flavonoids isolated from flowers of Calendula officinalis demonstrated positive antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (at a concentration of 1 milligram/milliliter (Dumenil et al., 1980). Other studies have demonstrated the flavones to be effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Sarcina lutea and Candida monosa.

Organic extracts of the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in-vitro MTT/ tetrazolium-based assay. It was also found that the organic extract caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcription activity (Kalvatchev et al, 1997).

Antiviral tests performed using the oleanolic acid glycosides from the aerial parts of the plant demonstrated an inhibitory effect against Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Only one compound (3.MH) significantly affected replication in Rhinovirus (HRV) cultures (De Tommasi et al., 1991).

Topical application of Calendula has been shown to enhance the granulation and epithelialization of damaged skin (Klouchek- Popova et al., 1982).

 

CLINICAL STUDIES

Wound Treatment/Tissue Repair

In one study, surgically induced skin wounds in rats were treated with a 5% Calendula ointment in combination with allantoin. Histological studies of the damaged tissue at 8 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after inflicting the wounds were performed. The drug combination was found to markedly stimulate physiological regeneration and epithelialization. This effect was attributed to more extensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen protein during the regenerative period in the tissues (Klouchek-Popova et al., 1982). In another in-vitro study, an extract of Calendula was shown to induce formation of new blood vessels, which is important in the process of granulation (Patrick et al., 1996).

Anti-Inflammatory Action

The anti-inflammatory activity of the 3 main triterpendiol esters of Marigold were tested against Croton oil-induced edema of the ears in mice. Faradiol-3-myristic acid ester and faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester were found to have the same dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The non-esterified faradiol was more active than the esters and had an equivalent effect on inflammation as an equimolar dose of indomethacin (Zitterl-Eglseer, et al., 1997).

In another study, the faradiol monoester was proven to be the most relevent anti-inflammatory principle due to its quantitative prevalence in the flowers. The unesterified faradiol was found tojbjuthe most active of all tested compounds, equal to indomethacin"y>ejfect-(Delia Loggia et al.,. 19.94).

EFFECTS: MARIGOLD HERB

The astringent and granulation-promoting effect may be attributable to the essential oil, saponin and the amaroid loliolid. Efficacy has not been documented with valid data.

 

 

SIDE-EFFECTS, TOXICITY

An aqueous extract of calendula had an LD50 of 375 mg/kg (intravenous administration) and an LD100 of 580 mg/kg (intraperitoneal administration) in mice.(G52) Aqueous ethanolic extracts (drug/extract ratio 1 : 1 and 0.5 : 1, 30% ethanol) had LD50 values of 45 mg/mouse (subcutaneous administration) and 526 mg/100 g in rat (intravenous administration). An aqueous extract was not toxic following chronic administration to mice.

Six saponins at doses of 400 mg were non-mutagenic in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with and without  S9 activation mixture.(G52) In vitro cytotoxicity has been reported for calendula extracts.(10) Extracts have been reported to be noncarcinogenic in rats and hamsters.(G52)

There is a lack of clinical safety and toxicity data for calendula and investigation of these aspects is required.

 

TOXICITY

Calendula has low toxicity. No symptoms of toxicity were found after long-term administration of a calendula extract in animal studies (Elias et al 1990, ESCOP 1996). A study evaluating an excessive dose (5 g/kg) in rats found no toxicity, however signs of liver and kidney burden were noted (Silva et al 2007). Calendula has been found to be neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic (Elias et al 1990).

 

PRACTICE POINTS/PATIENT COUNSELLING

·        Calendula has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity and promotes wound healing.

·        European text books recommend calendula for inflammation of the skin, poorly healing wounds, bruises, boils, rashes, bed sores, dermatitis resulting from chilblains, wound healing after amputations, cracked nipples during pregnancy and lactation, acne, sunburns, burns and nappy rashes. Calendula is also indicated for pharyngitis and tonsillitis (Bisset 1994, Bruneton 1999, Evans 2002, Issac 1992).

·        There is some evidence from clinical trials that calendula may be beneficial in the treatment of burns, wounds and gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration.

·        People who are sensitive or allergic to foods or plants from the Compositae family should use calendula with caution.

 

CLIENT CONSIDERATIONS

ASSESS

·        Assess for hypersensitivity reactions. If present, discontinue the use of marigold and administer an antihistamine or other appropriate therapy.

·        Assess whether the client is allergic to other members of the Compositae family.

If so, marigold should not be used.

 

ADMINISTER

·        Instruct the client to store marigold products in a cool, dry place, away from heat and moisture.

 

TEACH CLIENT/FAMILY

·        Inform the client that pregnancy category is 3 and breastfeeding category is 2A.

·        Caution the client not to give marigold to children.

·        Inform the client that allergies to this plant can occur and that the use of marigold should be discontinued if necessary.

 

PATIENTS’ FAQs

What Will This Herb Do For Me?

Calendula is used for inflammatory skin conditions, including poor wound healing, burns and ulcers, due to its non-irritant, antiseptic and healing properties. Internally it is used for inflammation and ulceration of the digestive tract.

When Will It Start To Work?

Topical effects are quickly established and should improve with continuous use. Internal use may take longer.

Are There Any Safety Issues?

Although there have been some reports of allergic reactions to calendula, these are very rare. Calendula is generally well tolerated by children and adults.

 

PREPARATIONS

 

PROPRIETARY SINGLE-INGREDIENT PREPARATIONS

Austria: Calendumed. Czech Republic: Dr Theiss Ringelblumen Salbe; Gallentee; Mesickovy. France: Calendulene. Monaco: Akipic. UK: Calendolon.

 

PROPRIETARY MULTI-INGREDIENT PREPARATIONS

Argentina: Acnetrol; Brunavera; Bushi; Controlacne; Eurocolor Post Solar; Europrotec Post Solar; Lavandula Oligoplex; Odontobiotic. Australia: Eczema Relief; Galium Complex; Nappy Rash Relief Cream; Skin Healing Cream. Austria: The Chambard-Tee. Brazil: Calendula Concreta; Malvatricin Natural. Chile: Matikomp. Czech Republic: Abfuhr-Heilkrautertee; Blahungstee N; Blasen- und Nierentee; Cicaderma; Epilobin; Hertz- und Kreislauftee. France: Dioptec; Eryange; Hemorrogel. Germany: bioplant-Kamillenfluid; Cefawell; Nephronorm med; Unguentum lymphaticum. Italy: Alkagin; Babygella; Decon Ovuli; Lenirose; Nevril; Proctopure. Mexico: Sanicut; Supranettes Naturalag. Portugal: Alkagin; Alkagin; Alkagin; Cicaderma. South Africa: Heilsalbe; Oleum Rhinale Nasal Oil; Wecesin. Spain: Banoftal; Menstrunat. Switzerland: Gel a la consoude; Onguent aux herbes Keller; Urinex; Wala Echinacea. UK: Calendula Nappy Change Cream; Massage Balm with Calendula; Napiers Echinacea Tea. USA: Nasal- Ease; Ultimate Antioxidant Formula. Venezuela: Biomicovo; Supranettes.

 

 

EXTRACTS

Calendula triterpenes sometimes better as antiinflammatories than indomethacin. Triterpenoids considered abortifacient, antiblastocytic, spermicide, uterotonic (CAN; WO2). Flavonoids antiinflammatory (SKY). Faradiol-3-myristic-acid-ester and faradiol-3-palmiticacid-ester proven antiinflammatory, equal on equimolar basis to indomethacin. Unesterified faradiol more antiinflammatory = indomethacin PH2. Calenduloside-B has antiinflammatory, antiulcer, and sedative activities (WO2).

 

REFERENCE

 

Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., and Phillipson, J. D. 2007. Herbal Medicines Third Edition. Pharmaceutical Press. Auckland and London.

 

Braun, L and Cohen, M. 2010. Hebs and Natural Supplements An Evidence Based Guide 3R D Edition. Elsevier Australia. Australia.

 

Duke, J. A. with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke. 2002. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 2nd Ed. CRC Press LLC. USA.

 

Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., Jaenicke, Ch. 2000.  PDR for Herbal Medicines.  Medical Economics Company, Inc. at Montvale, NJ 07645-1742. USA

Kraft, K and Hobbs, C. 2004 . Pocket Guide to Herbal Medicine. Thieme. Stuttgart New York.

 

Linda S-Roth. 2010. Mosby’s Handbook Of Herbs & Natural Supplements, Fourth Edition. Mosby Elsevier. USA