Saturday, May 23, 2020

PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. + (down from CRC) (Labiatae/Lamiceae))


HERBAL
MEDICINAL
PLANT
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PENNYROYAL








Hedeoma pulegioides  (L.) Pers. + (down from CRC)  
(Labiatae/Lamiceae)


BY
RETTODWIKART THENU




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PENNYROYAL !
(pehn-ee-rawee’uhl)

Hedeoma pulegioides  (L.) Pers. + (down from CRC)  (Labiatae/Lamiceae)




SUMMARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMMENT
Interest in pennyroyal has focused on the toxicity associated  with the volatile oil. No documented reports of the pharmacological actions exhibited by the herb were located. In view of its potential toxicity, pennyroyal oil is not suitable for internal or external use.

DESCRIPTION
Hedeoma pulegioides is a ANNUAL growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 0.2 m (0ft 8in).  It is hardy to zone (UK) 6. It is in flower from July to September. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs).  Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid and neutral soils and can grow in very acid soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist soil.( https://pfaf.org/)

SPECIES (FAMILY)
*Mentha pulegium L. (Labiatae/Lamiceae)
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.

SYNONYM(S)
*Pulegium vulgare Mill., P. parviflorum (Req.) Samp. pro parte
Melissa pulegioides L., Squaw Mint

OTHER COMMON NAMES
American pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, mock pennyroyal, mosquito plant, pudding grass,
squawbalm, squawmint, tickweed

ORIGIN
American pennyroyal is found throughout North America in wooded regions.

PHARMACOPODIAL AND OTHER MONOGRAPHS
BHP 1983(G7)
Martindale 35th edition(G85)

LEGAL CATEGORY (LICENSED PRODUCTS)
Pennyroyal is not included in the GSL.(G37)

CONSTITUENTS
The following is compiled from several sources, including General References G22, G48 and G58.
Volatile oils 1–2%. Pulegone is the principal component (60–90%); others include menthone, iso-menthone, 3-octanol, piperitenoneand trans-iso-pulegone.

USES
USES
Traditionally, pennyroyal has been used as an abortifacient and to treat gout, menstrual ailments, uterine fi broids, colds, fevers, fl u, chest congestion, and colic, and digestive, hepatic, and gallbladder diseases. Externally, it is used to treat skin diseases. Some herbalists recommend the use of pennyroyal for treating tumors. It may also be used as an insect repellant.

FOOD USE
Pennyroyal is not commonly used in foods. It is listed by the Council of Europe as a natural source of food flavouring (category N3).(G16) This category indicates that there is insufficient information available for an adequate assessment of toxicity (but see Side-effects, Toxicity). Previously, in the USA, pennyroyal has been permitted for use in foods.(G65)

HERBAL USE
Pennyroyal is stated to possess carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue properties, and has been used topically as a refrigerant, antiseptic and insect repellent. Traditionally, it has been used for flatulent dyspepsia, intestinal colic, common cold, delayed menstruation, and topically for cutaneous eruptions, formication and gout.(G7)

ACTIONS
ACTIONS
Little scientifi c research has been done on any uses or actions of pennyroyal. This herb is used as an insect repellent and has been used in the food and cosmetic industry for years. Most of the available information comes from anecdotal reports. Pennyroyal oil is extremely toxic and should not be ingested for any use.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
None documented.
CLINICAL STUDIES
There is a lack of clinical research assessing the effects of pennyroyal.

ACTIVITIES
Abortifacient (f; CRC); Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; DEM; FNF); Anesthetic (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; FNF); Antitussive (f; CRC); Carminative (1; APA; CRC); Decongestant (f; APA); Dermatitigenic (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Expectorant (f; APA; DEM; FAD); Hepatotoxic (f; PHR); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (2; APA; CRC; DEM); Myorelaxant (1; CRC; FNF); Nervine (f; CRC); Sedative (1; FNF); Stimulant (f; APA; CRC).

INDICATIONS
Allergy (1; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1; FNF); Burn (f; CRC); Cold (1; APA; CRC; FAD; FNF); Colic (1; APA; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Cough (1; APA; DEM; FAD; FNF); Cramp (1; CRC; FNF); Dermatosis (f; APA); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA; DEM); Eczema (f; APA); Enterosis (f; CRC); Fever (1; CRC; FAD; FNF); Flu (1; APA; FNF); Flux (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC; DEM); Gout (f; CEB); Headache (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; FAD); Inflammation (1;APA; FNF); Itch (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Myosis (1; FNF); Nephrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; FNF); Pertussis (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (1; FNF); Pneumonia (f; CRC); Rheumatism (1; CRC); Spasm (1; CRC; FNF); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; FNF); Wound (f; APA).

INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Liver and gallbladder complaints Spastic discomfort in the area of the gallbladder and bile ducts, as well as the gastrointestinal tract.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb has been used for skin diseases, constipation, cystitis, arteriosclerosis, rheuma tism, arthritis, as a blood purifier, hypoglycemia and for infections.
Homeopathic Uses: for chronic, itching eczema resulting from liver disease.

PRODUCT AVAILABILITY
Dried herb, dried leaves, fl owers, oil
Plant Parts Used: Flowering tops, leaves

DOSAGES
DOSAGES
Dosages for oral administration (adults) for traditional uses recommended in standard herbal reference texts are given below. Pennyroyal oil is not suitable for internal or external use.
·         Herb 1–4 g as an infusion three times daily.(G7)
·         Liquid extract 1–4mL (1 : 1 in 45% alcohol) three times daily.(G7)

DOSAGES
NOTE: Pennyroyal is extremely toxic.
·         Adult PO tea (dried herb): place 1 tbsp dried herb in 8 oz warm water; may be taken bid
·         Adutl PO tea (dried leaves): place 2 tsp dried leaves in 8 oz boiling water, let stand 15 min, strain; may be taken bid


CONTRAINDICATIONS, INTERACTIONS, AND SIDE EFFECTS
CLASS 2B. Emmenagogue and uterotonic (AHP). In Canada, only allowed in food or beverage if pulegone-free
(AHP). Used as an emmenagogue and abortifacient. Pennyroyal oil is toxic and potentially fatal if ingested. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness, and alternating lethargy and agitation, leading to kidney failure, massive hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Serious toxicity with the tea has not been reported. CNS symptoms from ingesting pennyroyal-containing preparations include lethargy, agitation, dizziness, sometimes leading to seizures and auditory and visual hallucinations. GI effects include nausea, vomiting, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (AEH1).

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pregnancy Category is 7; Breastfeeding Category is 5A.
Pennyroyal should not be given to children. Persons with seizure disorders, renal/ hepatic disease, or those with hypersensitivity to this herb, should not use it. Pennyroyal oil is extremely toxic and should not be ingested. Dried leaf tea is safe to drink.

SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE REACTIONS
CNS: Fatigue, confusion, dizziness, hallucinations, malaise, seizures, rigors, coma, death
CV: Hypertension
GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain and cramping, hepatotoxicity
GU: Nephrotoxicity
INTEG: Hypersensitivity reactions
Reproductive: Abortion
RESP: Respiratory depression

INTERACTIONS
Drug
Cytochrome P450: Concurrent use of pennyroyal with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 should be avoided.
Lab Test
ALT, AST, total bilirubin, urine bilirubin: Pennyroyal may cause increased ALT, AST, total bilirubin, and urine bilirubin.
Red blood cells: Pennyroyal may cause decreased red blood cells.

SIDE-EFFECTS, TOXICITY
CLINICAL DATA
The toxicity of pennyroyal oil is well recognised and human fatalities following its ingestion as an abortifacient have been reported.(1–3) Symptoms reported following ingestion of the oil include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy and agitation, pyrexia, raised blood pressure and pulse rate, and generalised urticarial rash. Generally, doses required for an abortifacient effect are also toxic and fatalities have involved both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.(2–4) Doses of one ounce and 30 mL(1–3) have proved fatal, whereas individuals have recovered following unsuccessful abortion attempts involving the ingestion of 7.5mL oil.(3) The mechanism of hepatotoxicity for pennyroyal is not known.(2) A direct hepatoxic action has been suggested for the ketone component, pulegone.(2) Alternatively, metabolic conversion of pulegone to a reactive intermediate, a furan or epoxide, has been proposed.(2)
PRECLINICAL DATA
Acute LD50 values for pennyroyal oil are documented as 0.4 g/kg (oral, rats) and 4.2 g/kg (dermal, rabbits).(4) The oil is non- or moderately irritating, non-sensitising and non-phototoxic.(4) Acute LD50 values documented for pulegone, the principal oil component, are, not suprisingly, similar to those for the oil: 0.47 g/ kg (oral, rats), 3.09 g/kg (dermal, rabbits).(5) Steroid (pregnenolone-16a-carbonitrile) treatment has reduced hepatotoxicity observed in female rats fed pulegone, whereas triamcinolone has increased it.(5) Toxicity of pulegone is unaffected by partial hepatectomy or ligation of the common bile duct, while partial nephrectomy intensified toxicity.(5)

CONTRA-INDICATIONS, WARNINGS
Pennyroyal oil is irritant and instances of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity have been documented following its ingestion. Both the internal and external use of pennyroyal oil are contraindicated.(G58)
Pregnancy and lactation Pennyroyal is contra-indicated in pregnancy.(G7) Traditionally, it has been employed as an abortifacient; fatalities have resulted from the doses of oil required to exert an abortifacient effect.

CLIENT CONSIDERATIONS
ASSESS
·         Assess for hypersensitivity reactions. If present, discontinue the use of pennyroyal and administer an antihistamine or other appropriate therapy.
·         Assess for symptoms of toxicity: lethargy, malaise, fatigue, oliguria, jaundice, seizures. If these are present, discontinue the use of pennyroyal immediately and administer supportive measures.
ADMINISTER
·         Instruct the client to use pennyroyal only under the supervision of a qualifi ed herbalist. This herb can be toxic.
·         Instruct the client to store pennyroyal products in a cool, dry place, away from heat and moisture.
TEACH CLIENT/FAMILY
·         Caution the client not to use pennyroyal in children or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
·         Caution the client to avoid self-administration of this herb because of its toxicity.



REFERENCE

Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., and Phillipson, J. D. 2007. Herbal Medicines Third Edition. Pharmaceutical Press. Auckland and London.

Duke, J. A. with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke. 2002. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 2nd Ed. CRC Press LLC. USA.

Linda S-Roth. 2010. Mosby’s Handbook Of Herbs & Natural Supplements, Fourth Edition. Mosby Elsevier. USA

https:// pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedeoma+pulegioides






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